first; foremost; most important; best; greatest; above all
defense; defence; protection
opponent; rival; adversary; menace; danger; threat
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
prefix for forming ordinal numbers
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
repatriation; return; (electrical) feedback
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to include (in a group or scope); to instruct; to make one understand; to include (a nuance); to put in (an implication); to put in (someone's) mouth
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
destruction; annihilation; devastation; catastrophe
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
confirmation; verification; validation; review; check; affirmation
alternation; change; relief; relay; shift; substitution (sports, etc.)
medium; average; moderation; middle school; China; volume two (of three); during (a certain time when one did or is doing something)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
correspondence; communication; transmission; news; signal; telecommunications
to stop; to cease; to come to an end; to cut off
than; from; out of; except; but; more
point (of a story, argument, etc.); point (e.g. in stock exchange movement); percentage point; switch; points; point; site
movement; transfer; migration; mobile; moving; traveling
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
place; spot; address; district; area; one's house; point
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
conclusion from reasoning, judgement or calculation based on something read or heard; reason; cause; meaning; circumstances; situation
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to face; to go towards; to head towards
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
abrupt; sudden; unexpected
getting closer; drawing nearer; being not much different; being near (age, skill, etc.); becoming close (i.e. friendly); becoming intimate
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
place; situation; position; location
to decide; to determine; to establish; to lay down; to bring peace (to); to make peaceful
method; process; manner; way; means; technique
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be (in contrast to something that is not the case)
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence