indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
granny; grandma; gran; old lady; old woman
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
house; residence; family; household; lineage; family name
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to live (of humans); to reside; to inhabit; to dwell; to abide
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to visit; to call on; to arrive (season, time, situation, etc.); to come; (arch.) to make a sound; (arch.) to send a letter
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
honorific/polite/humble prefix
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
to wait; to await; to look forward to; to depend on; to need
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
please; kindly; by all means; certainly; here you are; to give
slowly; unhurriedly; easily (e.g. in time); well; well (e.g. sleep); comfortably
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
story; tale; talk; discussion
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
please (give me); please (do for me)
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
excuse me for disturbing (interrupting) you; greeting used when entering someone's home
to come together; to merge; to fit; to match; to be profitable; to be equitable
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
oh!; good heavens!; ugh!; oh no!; ah!; the penny drops!
so-so; passable; now, now; my, my
child; kid; (one's) child; offspring; young (animal); young woman; offshoot
to change; to be transformed; to move to; to be different; to be uncommon
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
eh?; what?; yes; that's correct; (arch.) strengthens a question, assertion, etc.; (arch.) hey
to memorize; to memorise; to learn; to pick up; to feel; to think