indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
mama; mamma; mom; female proprietress (of a bar, etc.)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
Buddhist temple within a Shinto shrine; temple attached to a shrine
suffix for familiar person
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
beginning; start; first (in line, etc.); origin; such as ...; not to mention ...
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
number one; first; best; most; game; round
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
safe; secure; certainly; surely; no thanks; I'm good
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
it is assuredly that ...; can say with confidence that ...; did not ...
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
you; buddy; monarch; ruler; he; she
flame; blaze; flames (of intense emotion, e.g. love, jealousy, anger); passion
transfer student; student changing schools
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
in that way; thus; so; so?
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
pretty; lovely; clean; clear; completely; entirely
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
to wait; to await; to look forward to; to depend on; to need