this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
the world; society; sphere; circle; world-renowned; world-famous
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to make a mistake (in); to commit an error (e.g. in calculation); to confuse; to mistake something for something else
and the like; such as; or something; something like; I hear that ...; people say that...
to lose; to be defeated; to succumb; to give in; to be inferior to; to break out in a rash due to (e.g. lacquer, shaving, etc.)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
direction; way; side (of an argument, etc.); one's part; type; category; field (of study, etc.)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
above; up; top; summit; surface; before; previous
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
below; down; bottom; beneath; underneath; just after; right after
to be profitable; to yield a profit
to recognize; to recognise; to deem; to judge; to approve; to deem acceptable; to admit
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
something; some; somehow; for some reason; (is there) something (you want, etc.)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to give (esp. to someone of lower status); to bestow; to provide; to afford; to assign; to cause
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
always; all the time; never; usual; regular
to want; to wish for; to request; to demand; to seek; to search for
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
only; merely; approximately; about; just (finished, etc.); as if to; (as though) about to
to think (about, of); to think over; to consider; to bear in mind; to think (that); to believe; to intend (to do)
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
dull; uninteresting; insignificant; unimportant; absurd; foolish
surely; undoubtedly; sternly; severely; having no slack; rigid
also; too; not ... either; (it's not possible) no matter what; although one might wish otherwise
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
domination; rule; direction; management; control (e.g. over one's emotions); determining (e.g. one's fate)
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
ice; shaved ice (usually served with flavored simple syrup)
what!; oh; what the heck; what the; damn
happiness; blessedness; luck; luckily; fortunately
I wonder; should I?; is it?; I wish that; I hope that
hand; arm; forepaw; foreleg; handle; hand; worker
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
torch (made of pine, bamboo, reed, etc.); flambeau; torchlight