indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
to joke; to jest; to make fun of; to laugh at; to romp; to gambol
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
time; hour; period; class
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
special training; intensive training; crash course
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
in that way; thus; so; so?
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
sakaki (species of evergreen sacred to Shinto, Cleyera japonica); evergreen (esp. one planted or used at a shrine)
senior (at work or school); superior; elder; older graduate; progenitor; old-timer
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
one's own convenience; one's way; surroundings; environment; convenience; ease of use; financial circumstances
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to decide; to choose; to clinch (a victory); to decide (the outcome of a match); to persist in doing; to go through with; to always do
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
things like; something like; someone like; such a thing as; (the fact) that; to think that
single word; a few words; brief comment
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
first; first base; first baseman; fast
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to wield; to brandish; to display (one's knowledge); to show off; to abuse (one's power); to manipulate someone
to put an end to something; to get something over with; to quit something one has been engaged in too long or to an excessive degree
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
circumstances; condition; to arrange; to manage; to lend money; to raise money
naming; nominating; designating; calling on; asking for; requesting
this time; now; next time; another time; recently; lately
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
when; at what time; how soon; normal times; ordinary days