to get up; to rise; to wake up; to be awake; to occur (usu. of unfavourable incidents); to happen
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
what's the matter?; what's wrong?; what happened (to) ...?; what have you done (with) ...?; where is ...?
Jon; John; Gjon; Jonathan
outside; exterior; the open (air); other place; somewhere else
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
state; state of affairs; appearance; look; sign; indication
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
funny; amusing; strange; odd; improper; unsuitable
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
aah!; ooh!; oh no!; oh boy!
where; what place; how much (long, far); what extent
that's the way it is; yes; is that so?; is it?
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
island; one's territory (e.g. of a sex worker, organized crime gang); one's turf
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
how; in what way; why; for what reason; cannot possibly; no way
this sort of; this kind of; like this; such
place; spot; address; district; area; one's house; point
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to sleep; to die; to rest (in peace); to lie idle (e.g. of resources); to lie unused; (arch.) to close one's eyes
while; during (the time when)
to drain; to pour; to wash away; to distribute (e.g. electricity over wires, music over a PA system, etc.); to circulate; to cruise (e.g. taxi); to float
ship; boat; tank; tub; counter for boat-shaped containers (e.g. of sashimi)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to take down; to bring down; to drop off (a passenger); to let off; to withdraw (money); to use for the first time; to wear for the first time
to forget; to leave carelessly; to be forgetful of; to forget about; to forget (an article)
adds force or indicates command
truth; reality; proper; right; genuine; authentic
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
carelessly; thoughtlessly; inadvertently
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
from now; from the present moment; from this time forward; henceforth
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
what!; oh; what the heck; what the; damn
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to sleep (lying down); to go to bed; to lie in bed; to lie down; to sleep (with someone, i.e. have intercourse); to lie flat (e.g. of hair); to lie idle (of funds, stock, etc.)
although; despite; whereas; while; if only; I wish
-like; sort of; similar to; resembling
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become