indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
ship; boat; tank; tub; counter for boat-shaped containers (e.g. of sashimi)
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
the future (usually distant); future tense; the world to come
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
major; lieutenant commander; wing commander
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
circle; entirety; whole; money; dough; enclosure inside a castle's walls; soft-shelled turtle
departure from a port; leaving port; setting sail
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
honorific/polite/humble prefix
how; in what way; how about
adds force or indicates command
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
human being; human; person; character (of a person)
to move; to stir; to operate; to run; to make a move; to take action; to be touched