indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
honorific/polite/humble prefix
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
adds force or indicates command
I wonder; should I?; is it?; I wish that; I hope that
major; lieutenant commander; wing commander
the future (usually distant); future tense; the world to come
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
man; male; fellow; guy; male lover; boyfriend
action; conduct; behaviour; behavior; mobilization; mobilisation
tactics; strategy; military operation; naval operation
you; you bastard; you son of a bitch; (arch.) you