indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
century; era; of the century (e.g. fight of the century)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to come along; to come around; to turn up; to arrive at the present; to get where one is; to have been doing something (for a period of time)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
second; number two; runner-up
loading; charging; filling
completion; conclusion; perfect (tense, form, aspect)
firing (esp. a rocket or missile); launching; shooting; ejaculation
mouth; opening; hole; mouth (of a bottle); spout; gate; door
to open (e.g. doors); to open (e.g. business, etc.); to be empty; to be vacant; to be available; to be open (e.g. neckline, etc.); to have been opened (of one's eyes, mouth, etc.)
to bear a grudge against; to resent; to blame; to curse; to feel bitter towards
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
this sort of; this kind of; like this; such
place; spot; address; district; area; one's house; point
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
engine; agency; organisation; system; facility
stoppage; coming to a stop; ceasing (movement, activity, etc.); suspension (of operations); suspension (of payment, licence, etc.); (temporary) prohibition
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
period; epoch; the times; those days; oldness; ancientness
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
Empire of Japan (Japan's official name under the Meiji Constitution)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
that is to say; so that means
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
war; fighting; fierce competition
advantageous; favourable; better; profitable; lucrative; gainful
condition; term; requirement; qualification; prerequisite
reconciliation (between warring nations); (making of) peace
to take something into ...; to bring in; to lodge (a complaint); to file (a plan); to bring to (a state: tied game, vote, trial, etc.)
I've heard that ...; rumour has it that ...; it appears as if ...
reality; actuality; hard fact
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
recognition; awareness; perception; understanding; knowledge; cognition
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
with the exception of; excepting; excluding
road; path; way; set of practices; Buddhist teachings; Taoism; modern administrative region of Japan (Hokkaido)
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
be supposed or expected to (do); be sure to (do); ought to (do)