indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
chance; opportunity; machine; aircraft; counter for aircraft; counter for (remaining) lives
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
medium; average; moderation; middle school; China; volume two (of three); during (a certain time when one did or is doing something)
preparation; arrangements; provision; getting ready; laying out (e.g. a meal)
goal; target; aim; mark; sign; landmark
surfacing; rising to the surface; emerging; leaping into prominence; rising (of rank)
visual confirmation; sighting
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
direction; way; side (of an argument, etc.); one's part; type; category; field (of study, etc.)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
number; edition; sobriquet; pen-name; size (of printing types, canvases, knitting needles, etc.); suffix attached to names of ships, trains, airplanes, etc.
the future (usually distant); future tense; the world to come
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
to enter; to go into; to break into; to join; to enroll; to contain; to hold
than; from; out of; except; but; more
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
discovery; detection; finding
degree (angle, temperature, scale, etc.); counter for occurrences; strength (of glasses); glasses prescription; alcohol content (percentage); alcohol by volume; extent
all; whole; entire; complete (set); in total