indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
light; illumination; ray; happiness; hope; influence
oscillation; vibration; swing (e.g. of a pendulum)
confirmation; verification; validation; review; check; affirmation
bearing; heading; point of the compass
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
adds force or indicates command
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to overflow; to brim over; to flood
some; several; many; how many; how much; very
10^8; 100,000,000; hundred million
many; a lot; much; multitude
life; life force; lifetime; lifespan; most important thing; foundation
flame; blaze; flames (of intense emotion, e.g. love, jealousy, anger); passion
big; large; loud; extensive; spacious; important
dragon (as depicted in Western myths)
appearance; arrival; make one's appearance
class (e.g. school); grade; rank; kyū; kyu; junior rank in martial arts, go, shogi, etc.
it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?
amount necessary to fill a container (e.g. cupful, spoonful, etc.); drink (usu. alcoholic); full; one squid, octopus, crab, etc.; one boat; fully; to capacity
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
complaint; grumbling; objection; phrase; words; expression
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
than; from; out of; except; but; more
each; (arch.) you (plural)
chance; opportunity; machine; aircraft; counter for aircraft; counter for (remaining) lives
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
attack; assault; raid; criticism; censure; denunciation
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
switching over to; migration; transition
opening (a new store, golf course, runway, etc.); open; frank; open (car, collar, tournament, etc.)
sight (e.g. of a gun); aim; alignment
type; kind; type (of person); (ideal) type; typewriter; typing