indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
owner of a hermitage; abbess; prioress; nun in charge of a Buddhist convent
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
chance; opportunity; machine; aircraft; counter for aircraft; counter for (remaining) lives
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
I; me; personal (affairs, etc.); private; selfishness; partiality
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
first; foremost; most important; best; greatest; above all
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
to die; to pass away; to lose spirit; to lose vigor; to cease; to stop
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
the world; society; sphere; circle; world-renowned; world-famous
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
to give; to confer; to bestow; to kindly do for one; to oblige; to favour
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
adds force or indicates command
painful; sore; cringy; embarrassing; exceeding
Japan; the (Japanese) empire