come; come now; well; who knows; well now; let's see
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to wait; to await; to look forward to; to depend on; to need
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
ship; boat; tank; tub; counter for boat-shaped containers (e.g. of sashimi)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to place on (something); to give (someone) a ride; to give a lift; to load (luggage); to carry; to send out (on the airwaves, etc.); to deceive
small quantity; little; little while; short distance
to forge; to temper; to drill; to train; to discipline
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
father; dad; papa; pa; pop; daddy
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
a-ha-ha (laughing loudly)
again; once more; also; too; on the other hand; while; and
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
pressing; urging; demanding; demand
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
correspondence; communication; transmission; news; signal; telecommunications
diversionary tactics (maneuvering); disguise; hide by camouflage
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to continue; to keep up; to keep on
to receive; to take; to get somebody to do something; to have in one's pocket (a fight, match); to contract (a disease); to catch
to be troubled; to have difficulty; to be bothered; to be inconvenienced; to be badly off; to be hard up
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to chase; to run after; to follow (a set order, a trend, etc.); to drive out; to get rid of; to drive (e.g. a herd)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
outside (e.g. of a building); exterior; outside (of a group, company, etc.); outside world
to leak out; to escape; to find expression; to give vent; to leak out; to be divulged
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
very; greatly; immense; enormous; serious; grave
so; therefore; accordingly; consequently; on those grounds; that is why
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
expert; learned person; doctor; PhD; instructor at the imperial court (ritsuryo period); pitch and length marks (to accompany a Buddhist liturgical chant, etc.)
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
to put; to place; to leave (behind); to establish (an organization, a facility, a position, etc.); to set up; to appoint (someone to a certain position); to hire
achievement; feat; meritorious deed; distinguished service
other (place, thing, person); the rest; outside; beyond; nothing except; nothing but
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
to take; to pick up; to pass; to hand; to get; to obtain; to adopt (a method, proposal, etc.)
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible