indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
around the world; throughout the world
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
official announcement; proclamation
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
(not) anything; (nothing) at all; and everything else; and all; (not) at all; (not) in the least
to be able (in a position) to do; to be up to the task; to be ready; to be completed; to be made; to be built; to be good at
be supposed or expected to (do); be sure to (do); ought to (do)
come; come now; well; who knows; well now; let's see
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
spaghetti aglio, olio e peperoncino; spaghetti aglio e olio; spaghetti with garlic, olive oil, and dried red chili flakes; capsicum; chili pepper; cayenne
number; edition; sobriquet; pen-name; size (of printing types, canvases, knitting needles, etc.); suffix attached to names of ships, trains, airplanes, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
to leave; to go away; to pass; to elapse; to be distant; to send away; to drive off
other (place, thing, person); the rest; outside; beyond; nothing except; nothing but
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
somehow; how; in what way; why; what kind of
indication; denotation; designation; instructions; directions
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
hurriedly; in a hurry; in haste; (arch.) sudden
prefix for forming ordinal numbers
laboratory; seminar room; professor's office
change (personnel); transfer; reshuffle
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
any; anything; whatever; I am told; I hear; I understand
expert; learned person; doctor; PhD; instructor at the imperial court (ritsuryo period); pitch and length marks (to accompany a Buddhist liturgical chant, etc.)
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
and the like; such as; or something; something like; I hear that ...; people say that...
there (place relatively near listener); there (place just mentioned); that place; then (of some incident just spoken of); that (of point just raised); (arch.) you
numerical value; numerics; reading (on a meter, etc.)
plus; addition; positive number; gain; advantage; anode
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
in that way; thus; so; so?
preparation; arrangements; getting ready; provision; setup; reserving