indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
adds force or indicates command
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
ship; boat; tank; tub; counter for boat-shaped containers (e.g. of sashimi)
bone; frame; outline; core; backbone; spirit
a-ha-ha (laughing loudly)
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
what!; oh; what the heck; what the; damn
ice; shaved ice (usually served with flavored simple syrup)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
extent; degree; limit; bounds; (span of) time; (a) distance; the state of
to take out; to get out; to put out; to reveal; to submit (e.g. thesis); to turn in; to publish
to hurry; to rush; to hasten; to make something happen sooner
to be able (in a position) to do; to be up to the task; to be ready; to be completed; to be made; to be built; to be good at
investigation; examination; inquiry; enquiry; survey
number; edition; sobriquet; pen-name; size (of printing types, canvases, knitting needles, etc.); suffix attached to names of ships, trains, airplanes, etc.
expert; learned person; doctor; PhD; instructor at the imperial court (ritsuryo period); pitch and length marks (to accompany a Buddhist liturgical chant, etc.)