indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
father; dad; papa; pa; pop; daddy
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to save; to rescue; to help; to assist; to support (financially); to contribute (to)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
family; members of a family
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
fast; quick; early (in the day, etc.); premature; (too) soon; not yet
request; favour (to ask); wish; please
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
things like; something like; someone like; such a thing as; (the fact) that; to think that
this sort of; this kind of; like this; such
to die; to pass away; to lose spirit; to lose vigor; to cease; to stop
together (with); at the same time; in a lump
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
space (between); gap; period of time (during, while); duration; between (two parties or things); among (a group); relations (between)
oh!; good heavens!; ugh!; oh no!; ah!; the penny drops!