indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
destruction; disruption; (application) crash
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
in that way; thus; so; so?
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
hero; the brave; man of valour (valor)
thirteenth (interval, chord)
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
still; as yet; (not) yet; more; (more) still; at least
to wait; to await; to look forward to; to depend on; to need
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
force; strength; capability; ability; efficacy; effect; effort
the Four Heavenly Kings (Dhrtarastra, Virudhaka, Virupaksa, and Vaisravana); the big four (i.e. four leaders in a given field)
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing