indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
adds force or indicates command
medium; average; moderation; middle school; China; volume two (of three); during (a certain time when one did or is doing something)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
oh!; good heavens!; ugh!; oh no!; ah!; the penny drops!
complete; completion; perfection; accomplishment
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
hero; the brave; man of valour (valor)
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
to wait; to await; to look forward to; to depend on; to need
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
behind; rear; after; later; remainder; the rest; more (e.g. five more minutes)
body; torso; trunk; build; physique; health
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
suffix for familiar person
seeming to be; appearing to be; like; similar to; in order to (e.g. meet goal); so that
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to request; to beg; to call; to order; to entrust to; to rely on
confirmation; verification; validation; review; check; affirmation
to persevere; to persist; to insist that; to stick to (one's opinion); to remain in a place; to stick to one's post
super-; ultra-; extremely; really; over; more than
wow!; oh!; yeah!; alright!; waah!; boohoo!
to cover; to hide; to conceal; to wrap; to disguise
energy; energy; strength; energy source; energy resource; food energy