indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
troops; group members; team members
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
base (military, expedition, etc.)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
adds force or indicates command
head; hair (on one's head); mind; brains; leader; chief; top
to be able (in a position) to do; to be up to the task; to be ready; to be completed; to be made; to be built; to be good at
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
monkey (esp. the Japanese macaque, Macaca fuscata); ape; sly person; idiot; hick; sliding wooden bolt (for holding a door or window shut); clasp used to control the height of a pot-hook
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
secretary (government); director; chief
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
how; in what way; how about
it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
dog (Canis (lupus) familiaris); squealer; rat; loser; asshole; counterfeit
prefix for forming ordinal numbers
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
aaah!; oooh!; oh no!; oh boy!
dragon (esp. a Chinese dragon); naga; semi-divine human-cobra chimera in Hindu and Buddhist mythology; promoted rook
to bark; to howl; to howl (e.g. of the wind); to roar; to yell; to cry
small peninsula; cape; promontory; headland
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...