indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
wow!; oh!; yeah!; alright!; waah!; boohoo!
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
adds force or indicates command
fellow; guy; thing; object; he; she
uncle; old man; mister; manybar goatfish (Parupeneus multifasciatus)
hero; the brave; man of valour (valor)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
expert; learned person; doctor; PhD; instructor at the imperial court (ritsuryo period); pitch and length marks (to accompany a Buddhist liturgical chant, etc.)
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
still; as yet; (not) yet; more; (more) still; at least
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
behind; rear; after; later; remainder; the rest; more (e.g. five more minutes)
medium; average; moderation; middle school; China; volume two (of three); during (a certain time when one did or is doing something)
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
suffix for familiar person
what!; oh; what the heck; what the; damn
aah!; ooh!; oh no!; oh boy!
mess; sorry state; -ways; -wards; in the act of ...; just as one is ...
Japan Self-Defense Forces; JSDF; self-defence force; self-defense force
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)