professor; teaching; instruction
lower layer; layer beneath; lower strata (classes)
storey; story; stairs; stage (in chronostratigraphy); counter for storeys and floors of a building
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
state of affairs; situation; conditions; circumstances
confirmation; verification; validation; review; check; affirmation
like this; this sort; this way
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
even; (if) only; just; besides; on top of that
one-by-one; separately; every single; each and every; without omission
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
large; big; great; prominent; -sized; as big as; university
prop; stay; support; brace; fulcrum
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
army; armed forces; military authorities; team; group
strict; severe; stringent; rigorous; rigid; firm
control; management (e.g. of a business)
under (influence, control, conditions, etc. of); during (war, occupation, etc.)
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen; to come about
because; as; since; because of that; therefore; accordingly
honorific/polite/humble prefix; honorific suffix
accompanying (someone); going with; travelling together; the same bank; the said bank
to receive; to get; to eat; to drink; to be crowned with; to wear (on one's head)
one's own convenience; one's way; surroundings; environment; convenience; ease of use; financial circumstances
misunderstanding; mistaken idea; wrong guess
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
everything; all; the whole; entirely; completely; wholly
indicates a question; indicates an embedded question; indicates an indirect question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm
to know; to be aware (of); to sense; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
repair workshop; garage; repairman
taste; elegance; appearance; air; the likes of ...; lowly people such as ...
to get carried away; to get overly elated; to become over-excited; to get up to speed; to move into gear
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...; wow
yes; that is correct; um; errr; huh?; grrr
in that way; thus; so; the same; so?
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!