indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
to be helpful; to be dependable; to stand by (someone)
liking; being fond of; liking (romantically); being in love with; faddism; eccentricity
you said; he said; even if; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
where; what place; how much (long, far); what extent
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have ...-ed; to be ...-ed
lost child; lost person; stray child; missing child
I wonder; should I?; is it?; I wish that; I hope that
eh?; what?; yes; that's correct; used for soft emphasis or to soften a statement or request; (arch.) strengthens a question, assertion, etc.
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
from; since; through (e.g. a window, door); via; because; as; from (as in "made from")
father; dad; husband; you (of an elderly person older than the speaker); he
to talk; to speak; to tell; to explain; to speak (a language)
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
if so; in that case; in that situation
again; once more; also; too; on the other hand; while; and
together (with); at the same time; in one lump; in the same category
second marriage; remarriage
come (on); come now; all right; right; well; hmm
now; the present time; just now; another; more
to live (of humans); to reside; to inhabit; to dwell; to abide
aah!; ooh!; oh no!; oh boy!
spectator; sightseer; onlooker
(not) at all; (not) in the slightest; wholly; entirely; extremely; very
no good; not serving its purpose; hopeless; wasted; cannot; must not
one's own convenience; one's way; surroundings; environment; convenience; ease of use; financial circumstances
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
to get angry; to get mad; to lose one's temper; to scold; to tell (someone) off
natural; right; proper; naturally; as a matter of course; rightly
indicates reason or excuse; indicates dissatisfaction; indicates desire to be pampered or indulged
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen; to come about