indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
indicates two contrasting actions; (arch.) indicates possessive (often found in place names and compound words)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
one; 1; best; first; foremost; beginning; start
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
grass used for thatching; sedge used for thatching
force; strength; capability; ability; efficacy; effect; effort
means of making contact; intermediary; go-between; connections; influence; pull
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
and; or; and the like; and so forth; and what not
hole; opening; pit; hollow; burrow; den; deficit
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
honorific/polite/humble prefix
honorific/polite/humble prefix; honorific suffix
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
just (e.g. "just wait here"); come now; tolerably; passably; well...; I think...
un-; non-; negative prefix
the first and second; a few
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
squirrel's foot fern (Davallia mariesii); Lepisorus thunbergianus (species of fern); color of clothing layers under one's overcoat (light green on blue); ancient women's hairstyle; clothing patterned using squirrel's foot fern
strength; power; proficiency; ability
to harm; to injure; to invade; to raid; to oppose; to rise against
and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing
still; as yet; (not) yet; more; (more) still; at least
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
sword (esp. Japanese single-edged); katana; scalpel; chisel; burin; knife money (knife-shaped commodity money used in ancient China)
in that way; thus; so; so?
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker