indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
strong; potent; strong; brawny; good (at); skilled; being able to handle
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
-like; sort of; similar to; resembling
justice; right; righteousness; correct meaning; correct explanation
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
as one would expect; just as you'd expect (from); still; all the same; even ... (e.g. "even a genius")
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
something like ...; things like ...; someone like ...; the likes of ...
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
to use (a thing, method, etc.); to make use of; to use (a person, animal, puppet, etc.); to employ; to use (time, money, etc.); to spend
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
look!; look out!; hey!; look at me!; there you are!
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
to wait; to await; to look forward to; to depend on; to need
to be helpful; to be useful
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
adds force or indicates command
fields (of rice and other crops)
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
grounds (esp. of shrines and temples); compound; churchyard; precincts
invasion; incursion; raid; aggression; intrusion; trespass
even if; no matter (what); if; though; although; supposing
devil; demon; Satan; the Devil; Māra; evil spirits or forces that hinder one's path to enlightenment
will; probably; may; I think; surely; I hope
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
hindrance; obstacle; to visit (someone's home); demon who hinders Buddhist training; demon who obstructs sentient beings from maintaining moral behaviour
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
nevertheless; at any rate; even so; all things considered; be that as it may
government; administration
institution; establishment; facility; home (for elderly, orphans, etc.)
unusual power; superpower; ability beyond that of humans
indicates uncertainty or second hand nature of information quoted
study; research; investigation
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
or rather (say); or better (say); or perhaps I should say; or, how should I put it,...; I mean