indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
existence; possession; having; limited company
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
mark; target; object; subject; point (e.g. of argument)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
colour; color; complexion; skin colour; look (on one's face); expression; appearance
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
the world; society; sphere; circle; world-renowned; world-famous
to be wounded; to get injured; to get hurt feelings; to get damaged; to get chipped
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
things like; something like; someone like; such a thing as; (the fact) that; to think that
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to make war (on); to wage war (against); to compete (against); to struggle (against adversities, etc.); to fight
to wound; to injure; to hurt someone's feelings (pride, etc.); to damage; to chip
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
pain; ache; soreness; damage; injury; wear
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
but (still); and yet; nevertheless; even so; notwithstanding
disagreeable; detestable; unpleasant; reluctant
painful; sore; cringy; embarrassing; exceeding
reality; actuality; hard fact
loveable; very likeable; like very much
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
in that way; thus; so; so?
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to