indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
existence; possession; having; limited company
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
suffix for familiar person
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
mark; target; object; subject; point (e.g. of argument)
painful; bitter; tough; difficult; cruel; harsh
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
painful; sore; cringy; embarrassing; exceeding
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
that child; that kid; that boy; (arch.) you
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
to differ (from); to vary; to not be in the usual condition; to not match the correct (answer, etc.); to be different from promised; isn't it?
the world; society; sphere; circle; world-renowned; world-famous
child; kid; (one's) child; offspring; young (animal); young woman; offshoot
to protect; to guard; to defend; to keep (i.e. a promise); to abide (by the rules); to observe
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
myself; yourself; I; me; you
to be able (in a position) to do; to be up to the task; to be ready; to be completed; to be made; to be built; to be good at
I'm sorry; my apologies; may I come in?; permission; leave; dismissal
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
how; in what way; how about
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof