indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
iron basket for torches; cresset; brazier; bonfire
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
reading; reading (of a kanji, esp. kun reading); reading (e.g. of a situation); insight
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to leave; to exit; to leave (on a journey); to depart; to move forward; to come to; to get to
after all; because; but; even; too; as well
to save; to rescue; to help; to assist; to support (financially); to contribute (to)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
suffix for familiar person
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
poor; pitiable; pathetic; pitiful
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
how; in what way; why; for what reason; cannot possibly; no way
disagreeable; detestable; unpleasant; reluctant
stage assistant dressed in black (in kabuki); stagehand; prompter; behind-the-scenes supporter; string-puller
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
although; despite; whereas; while; if only; I wish
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
funny; amusing; strange; odd; improper; unsuitable
to get angry; to get mad; to tell someone off; to scold; to be angular; to be square
what's the matter?; what's wrong?; what happened (to) ...?; what have you done (with) ...?; where is ...?
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...