oh!; good heavens!; ugh!; oh no!; ah!; the penny drops!
to be seen; to be visible; to look; to seem; to come
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
adds light emphasis or insistence to a statement; gives a statement a threatening or condescending tone
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
to wave; to shake; to sprinkle; to throw (dice); to cast (actor); to allocate (work); to turn down (someone)
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
mountain range; mountain belt
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to cross over; to cross; to pass through; to exceed; to surpass; to be more (than)
having no choice but to ...; all one can do is ...; there's nothing to do except ...; having nothing but ...; there is only ...; having only ...
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
this sort of; this kind of; like this; such
country; state; region; national government; central government; home (i.e. hometown, home country); province (of Japan)
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
to have (urgent) business; to have something one needs to attend to; to have something one wants to say (to someone)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
abundant; plentiful; rich; ample
production; output; turning out; extraction (e.g. of minerals)
so far; up to now; hitherto; that's enough (for today); it ends here
to shut; to close; to block (a street, entrance, etc.); to shut in (with snow, ice, etc.); to shut off; to consume (with negative feelings)
foreign country; another country; another province; strange land; alien land
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
to sever; to cut off; to suppress; to eradicate; to abstain (from); to give up
place; spot; address; district; area; one's house; point
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
transactions; dealings; business
to respond; to answer; to accept (an invitation, offer, etc.); to comply with (a request, etc.); to suit; to match
to reach the point where ...; to come to ...; to come to be that ...; to start to ...; to begin to ...
and the like; such as; or something; something like; I hear that ...; people say that ...
else; in addition; besides
to do (something) before (something or someone else); to be ahead of (others, the times, etc.)
genuine; real; authentic; full-scale; full-blown; all-out
route; path; channel (e.g. sales, distribution)
to tie; to bind; to bear (fruit); to close (e.g. deal); to confirm; to connect (two distant places); to close tightly
to be able (to); to be possible (to)