oh!; good heavens!; ugh!; oh no!; ah!; the penny drops!
to be seen; to be in sight; to look; to seem; to come
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
to wave; to shake; to sprinkle; to throw (dice); to cast (actor); to allocate (work); to turn down (somebody)
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
mountain range; mountain belt
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to cross over; to cross; to pass through; to exceed; to surpass; to be more (than)
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
this sort of; this kind of; like this; such
country; state; region; national government; central government; home (i.e. hometown, home country); (arch.) province (of Japan)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
to have (urgent) business; to have something one needs to attend to; to have something one wants to say (to someone)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
abundant; plentiful; rich; ample
production; output; turning out
so far; up to now; hitherto; that's enough (for today); it ends here
to shut; to close; to block (a street, entrance, etc.); to shut in (with snow, ice, etc.); to shut off; to consume (with negative feelings)
foreign country; other country; another province; strange land; alien land
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to sever; to cut off; to suppress; to eradicate; to abstain (from); to give up
place; spot; address; district; area; one's house; point
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
transactions; dealings; business
to respond; to satisfy; to accept; to comply with; to apply for
to reach the point that; to come to be that; to turn into
and the like; such as; or something; something like; I hear that ...; people say that...
genuine; real; full-scale; full-blown; full-fledged; professional
route; path; channel (e.g. sales, distribution)
to tie; to bind; to bear (fruit); to close (e.g. deal); to confirm; to connect (two distant places); to close tightly