indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
capture (of enemy territory); taking (by storm); defeating (an opponent); attacking (a problem) strategically
later; afterwards; future; after one's death; (arch.) descendant
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
hailing each other; acting in concert; responding (to); agreement; concord
every part of the world; all over the world; the four corners of the world
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
in succession; one by one
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
riddle; puzzle; enigma; enigmatic; mysterious
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
appearance; arrival; make one's appearance
to start; to begin; to start up (a business, society, etc.); to open (e.g. a store); to start ...; to begin to ...
after this; from now on; hereafter; thereafter; since (then); after
many; much; majority (of); greater part (of); mostly; mainly
to challenge to (a fight, game, etc.); to throw down the gauntlet; to tackle (e.g. a problem); to attempt; to pressure (someone) for sex; to make advances to
to reach the point that; to come to be that; to turn into
world; society; life; lifetime; age; era; reign
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
exactly; surely; right then; just then; just (about to); on the verge (of doing or happening)
period; epoch; the times; those days; oldness; ancientness
rushing into; breaking into; storming; plunging into (war, etc.); embarking on (a new venture)
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
person; -er; (arch.) expert; (arch.) geisha; (arch.) prostitute
now; the present time; just now; another; more
drifting; drift; being adrift
older brother; elder brother
end; conclusion; last; final; no sooner than; once
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
this time; now; next time; another time; recently; lately
it is ... that ...; precisely; although; while; it is precisely because ... that ...; only because ...
below; down; bottom; beneath; underneath; just after; right after
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
damn; damn it; feces; excrement; damn; damned; very
to catch up (with); to draw level; to pull even; to be compensated; to make up for one's losses
this way; this direction; here; this (one); I; me
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)