indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
dad; daddy; papa; pa; pop
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
country; state; region; national government; central government; home (i.e. hometown, home country); (arch.) province (of Japan)
war; fighting; fierce competition
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
uncle; old man; mister; manybar goatfish (Parupeneus multifasciatus)
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
things like; something like; someone like; such a thing as; (the fact) that; to think that
talk; speech; topic; subject; discussions; negotiation; rumor
adds force or indicates command
child; kid; (one's) child; offspring; young (animal); young woman; offshoot
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
unpatriotic person; traitor (to one's country)
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
to leave; to exit; to leave (on a journey); to depart; to move forward; to come to; to get to
although; despite; whereas; while; if only; I wish
the world; society; sphere; circle; world-renowned; world-famous
force; strength; capability; ability; efficacy; effect; effort