indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
ray (any fish of superorder Batoidea)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
adds force or indicates command
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
old man; venerable gentleman
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
oh!; good heavens!; ugh!; oh no!; ah!; the penny drops!
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
island; one's territory (e.g. of a sex worker, organized crime gang); one's turf
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
-ness; indicates assertion; come; come now
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
young lady of noble birth; princess (esp. in Western contexts, tales, etc.); girl; small; cute; (arch.) prostitute
the Dragon (fifth sign of the Chinese zodiac); hour of the Dragon (around 8am, 7-9am, or 8-10am); east-southeast; third month of the lunar calendar
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
face; mask; face guard; (in kendo) striking the head; surface (esp. a geometrical surface); page; aspect
to tear; to rip; to break through (cordon, opponent's defense, etc.); to breach; to defeat; to beat; to break (e.g. silence)