indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
back; rear; background; behind the scenes
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to approach; to draw near; to get close; to get acquainted with; to get closer to; to get to know
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to greet; to call out (to); to invite; to get in touch (with); to cheer (on); to give vocal support (to)
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to notice; to become aware; to be scrupulous; to be attentive; to recover consciousness; to come to oneself
to be opposite; to face each other
to have a talk; to tell a story
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
always; without exception; necessarily; certainly; without fail; positively
both hands; both arms; ten
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
free (of restraint, controls, etc.); free (of cost); freelance; one-size
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
chair; stool; post; office; position
to sit; to squat; to assume (a position); to hold steady; to hold still
to open some distance (e.g. with other people)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to raise one's voice; to shout; to yell; to speak up (e.g. in protest); to speak one's mind
to laugh; to smile; to sneer; to ridicule; to be dumbfounded; to be flabbergasted
face; visage; look; expression; honor; honour
sweat; perspiration; moisture; condensation; gulp; oops
to run (of liquid); to spread; to blur; to blot; to ooze; to well up (of tears, etc.)
body; torso; trunk; build; physique; health
to touch; to feel; to touch (with); to experience; to come in contact with; to touch on (a subject); to allude to
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
hand; arm; forepaw; foreleg; handle; hand; worker
to garnish; to accompany (as a card does a gift); to add to as support; to prop up; to accompany (as an aid, guide, translator, etc.); (arch.) to mimic
to borrow; to have a loan; to rent; to hire
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
to return (something); to restore; to turn over; to turn upside down; to pay back; to retaliate; to respond (with)
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
spray; sprayer; atomizer; sprinkles (confectionery); hundreds and thousands
not less than; ... and over; beyond (e.g. one's expectations); above; above-mentioned; aforementioned
dot; spot; mark (in an exam, etc.); grade; point (in a game); score; point (in geometry)
to be based on; to take into account; to build upon; to have one's feet firmly planted on; to plant oneself on
to think (about, of); to think over; to consider; to bear in mind; to think (that); to believe; to intend (to do)
perhaps; possibly; maybe; if; in case; in the event that
special; particular; extraordinary; exceptional; especial
something; some; somehow; for some reason; (is there) something (you want, etc.)
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
to pass; to pass on; to give (something) a miss; to cut it out; to knock off (for the day); to let the matter drop
surely; undoubtedly; sternly; severely; having no slack; rigid