indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
-ness; indicates assertion; come; come now
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
to believe; to believe in; to place trust in; to confide in; to have faith in
definitely; absolutely; absolute; unconditional; absoluteness
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
two persons; two people; pair; couple
autograph; signature; sign; signal; indication
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
to leave; to exit; to leave (on a journey); to depart; to move forward; to come to; to get to
after all; because; but; even; too; as well
examination; exam; test; trial; experiment; test
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
in that way; thus; so; so?
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
how; in what way; how about
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
nonexistent; not being (there); not having; not