indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
rain; rainy day; rainy weather; the November suit (in hanafuda)
not going (well); not proceeding (as one wishes); bad; not good; hopeless; beyond hope
oh; ah; if there is; as for that; that is
to leave (behind); to leave (undone); to not finish; to save; to set aside; to leave (to someone, esp. after one's death)
immediately; right away; at once; instantly
bride; (one's) daughter-in-law; wife
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to make; to manufacture; to build; to construct; to prepare; to get ready; to dress (oneself in)
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; 's; of
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
dark clouds; black clouds
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
name; given name; title; fame; renown; pretext
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
sky; the air; weather; far-off place; distant place; state of mind; feeling
ordinary; common; free of charge; free; unaffected; as is
one; for one thing; only; (not) even; just (e.g. "just try it"); some kind of; one type of
like; as; so that; in order that; be sure to; I hope (that)
to float; to be suspended; to rise to the surface; to appear; to come to mind; to have inspiration
figure; form; appearance; dress; state; condition
from; since; through (e.g. a window, door); via; because; as; from (as in "made from")
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
to call out (to); to call; to summon (a doctor, etc.); to invite; to designate; to name; to garner (support, etc.)
stinking; smelly; suspicious; fishy; hammy (acting); over-the-top; clumsy
eggs; egg; (hen's) egg; a ... in the making; future (lawyer, doctor, etc.); beginning
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
to rot; to go bad; to corrode; to weather; to become useless; to blunt; to become depraved
smell; scent; aura; whiff; faint, mist-like pattern along the temper line of a Japanese sword
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
elder brother; big brother; one's senior; one's elder; old ingredients; stale ingredients
cool; calm; composed; all right; fine; OK
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
in the first place; to begin with; after all; anyway; beginning; start
you said; he said; even if; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
tsk; tut; shoot; chirp; tweet
only; merely; nothing but; no more than
to talk; to chat; to chatter
come (on); come now; all right; right; well; hmm
after all; because; but; even; too; as well
to reach the point where ...; to come to ...; to come to be that ...; to start to ...; to begin to ...
seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
alright; all right; right on; looking good; OK; okay