indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
rain; rainy day; rainy weather; the November suit (in hanafuda)
wrong; not good; hopeless; past hope; must not do
to leave (behind); to leave (undone); to not finish; to save; to set aside; to leave (to someone, esp. after one's death)
immediately; right away; at once; instantly
wife; bride; (one's) daughter-in-law
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
dark clouds; black clouds
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
name; given name; title; fame; renown; pretext
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
sky; the air; weather; far-off place; distant place; state of mind; feeling
ordinary; common; free of charge; unaffected; as is; only
one; for one thing; only; (not) even; just (e.g. "just try it"); some kind of; one type of
in order to (e.g. meet goal); so that; take care (so as); hoping or wishing for something
to float; to be suspended; to rise to the surface; to appear; to come to mind; to have inspiration
figure; form; appearance; dress; state; condition
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
to call out (to); to call; to summon (a doctor, etc.); to invite; to designate; to name; to garner (support, etc.)
eggs; egg; (hen's) egg; (an expert) in the making; beginning; origin
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to rot; to go bad; to corrode; to weather; to become useless; to blunt; to become depraved
odour; odor; scent; aura; whiff; smacks of ...
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
elder brother; one's senior; older man; man older than oneself
coolness; calmness; composure; all right; fine; OK
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
in the first place; to begin with; after all; anyway; beginning; start
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
only; merely; approximately; about; just (finished, etc.); as if to; (as though) about to
to talk; to chat; to chatter
come; come now; well; who knows; well now; let's see
after all; because; but; even; too; as well
to reach the point that; to come to be that; to turn into
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
alright; all right; right on; looking good; OK; okay
to talk; to speak; to tell; to explain; to speak (a language)