indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
truth; reality; proper; right; genuine; authentic
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
myself; yourself; I; me; you
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
how; in what way; how about
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
eh?; what?; yes; that's correct; (arch.) strengthens a question, assertion, etc.; (arch.) hey
to come to like; to become fond of; to fall in love
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
a little; a bit; just a minute; for a moment; somewhat; rather; (not) easily
to wait; to await; to look forward to; to depend on; to need
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
huh?; eh?; what?; oh; hey!; look!
something like ...; things like ...; someone like ...; the likes of ...
dangerous; risky; awful; terrible; terrific; amazing
suffix for familiar person
bad; poor; poor (quality); inferior; evil; sinful; ugly
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
to differ (from); to vary; to not be in the usual condition; to not match the correct (answer, etc.); to be different from promised; isn't it?
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
everyone; anyone; no one; nobody
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
where; what place; how much (long, far); what extent
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
I wonder; should I?; is it?; I wish that; I hope that
why?; what for?; how?; by what means?
to deceive; to falsify; to dodge; to beg the question (issue, difficulties); to varnish over; to gloss over
perhaps; possibly; maybe; if; in case; in the event that
to recognize; to recognise; to deem; to judge; to approve; to deem acceptable; to admit
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
with the exception of; excepting; excluding
female; woman; female sex; female lover; girlfriend; mistress
room; chamber; apartment; flat; stable