indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to chase; to run after; to pursue
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
right; right-hand side; afore-mentioned (esp. in vertical Japanese writing); foregoing; forgoing
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
oh!; good heavens!; ugh!; oh no!; ah!; the penny drops!
head of the student council; president of the student council
corridor; hallway; passageway
to run; to run (of a vehicle); to drive; to rush (to); to dash; to retreat; to flee
to overlook (a mistake, fault, etc.); to tolerate; to let pass; to give someone a break; to let someone off lightly; to be lenient
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to be heard; to be audible; to be said to be; to be reputed
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
continuously in some state (for a long time, distance); throughout; much (better, etc.); by far; far away; long ago
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
liked; well-liked; in love (with); loved; faddism; eccentricity
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to hand over; to transfer; to give up (e.g. one's seat); to give way; to yield; to concede
certainly; of course; even if; no matter (who, what, when, where, why, how); without even; without so much as; at the (least, earliest, etc.)
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
close friend; bosom friend; buddy; crony; chum
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to need; to call for; to require
to imitate; to follow; to emulate