same; identical; equal; anyway; anyhow; in either case
hostel; dormitory; (arch.) bureau (government department beneath a ministry under the ritsuryo system); (arch.) tea-ceremony room; (arch.) villa
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to live; to get along; to spend (time)
to have been decided (so) that; to have been arranged (so) that; to be the result (of); to be the outcome; to be the reason (for)
the trouble is that ...; the problem is that ...; unfortunately; annoyingly
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
to pick up; to find; to gather
cat (esp. the domestic cat, Felis catus); shamisen; geisha; wheelbarrow; clay bed-warmer; bottom; submissive partner of a homosexual relationship
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to hang up (e.g. a coat, a picture on the wall); to let hang; to put on (e.g. a blanket); to put on top of; to put on (glasses, etc.); to wear (a necklace, etc.); to make (a call)
to talk; to speak; to tell; to explain; to speak (a language)
to reach the point that; to come to be that; to turn into
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
glass (drinking vessel); glass (material); glasses (eyewear)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
to collect; to assemble; to gather
cherry tree; cherry blossom; fake buyer; paid audience; hired applauder; horse meat
near; neighbourhood; nearly (e.g. "it took nearly one year"); close to; shortly; soon
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
consequence; outcome; result; blame
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
than; from; out of; except; but; more
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
feeling; sensation; preparedness; readiness; thought; sentiment
to express (orally); to put into words; to say out loud
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
continuously in some state (for a long time, distance); throughout; much (better, etc.); by far; far away; long ago
difficult; hard; impossible; unfeasible; fussy; particular; gloomy
to be due to; to be caused by; to depend on; to turn on; to be based on; to come from
all you have to do is; just; that's all
to empty; to remove; to move out; to clear out; to be away from (e.g. one's house); to leave (temporarily); to dawn
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all