year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
carapace; shell; 1st in rank; grade A; instep; back of hand
town; block; street; road; chō (unit of length, approx. 109.09 m); chō (unit of land area, approx. 0.99 hectares)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to call out (to); to call; to summon (a doctor, etc.); to invite; to designate; to name; to garner (support, etc.)
father; father (e.g. of a discipline); pioneer (e.g. of field of research); God; Father
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
before one's eyes; in front of one; under one's nose; immediate; imminent; around the corner
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
to burn; to roast; to broil; to heat; to heat up; to make (charcoal, pottery, bricks, etc.); to bake
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
flame; blaze; flames (of intense emotion, e.g. love, jealousy, anger); passion
to operate (e.g. a machine); to handle; to have a good command of (a language); to play proficiently (of a musical instrument); to work (a puppet); to pull the strings of a puppet
perhaps; maybe; perchance; by some chance; by any chance
also; too; not ... either; (it's not possible) no matter what; although one might wish otherwise
something; some; somehow; for some reason; (so) what (are you trying to say)?; what (do you mean)?
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
may; might; perhaps; may be; possibly
it is ... that ...; precisely; although; while; it is precisely because ... that ...; only because ...
memory; recollection; remembrance; memory; storage
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
not less than ...; ... and over; beyond (e.g. one's expectations); above; the above; the above-mentioned
truth; reality; proper; right; genuine; authentic
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
probably; (most) likely; in all likelihood; I suspect; I dare say; I'm afraid
behind; rear; after; later; remainder; the rest; more (e.g. five more minutes)
2nd day of the month; two days
nothing but; except; no more than
(one's) self; oneself; yourself; himself; herself