yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
in that way; thus; so; so?
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
something broad and flat; common; ordinary; low-ranking employee; freshman
(arch.) office; (arch.) official; chief; head; (Yaeyama Islands in Okinawa) person (usually a woman) whose duty it is to officiate at religions ceremonies
or rather (say); or better (say); or perhaps I should say; or, how should I put it,...; I mean
-ness; indicates assertion; come; come now
to live; to exist; to make a living; to subsist; to be in effect; to be in use
to sit; to squat; to assume (a position); to hold steady; to hold still
as it is; as one likes; because; condition; state
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
never mind that; don't worry about that; listen up
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
prefix for forming ordinal numbers
clause; paragraph; argument; term (of an equation); (arch.) nape (of the neck)
to read; to recite (e.g. a sutra); to chant; to predict; to guess; to decipher; to count
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
excuse me; pardon me; I'm sorry; thank you
Middle Ages (in Japan esp. the Kamakura and Muromachi periods); medieval times; mediaeval times
town; city; municipal; urban
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
studying abroad; studying at a different school, etc. (usu. for a specific purpose)
to have been decided (so) that; to have been arranged (so) that; to be the result (of); to be the outcome; to be the reason (for)
arrest; apprehension; capture
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
really; truly; indeed; good grief
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to (happen to) see; to notice; to catch sight of
and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing
all; entire; whole; altogether