he; she; this; this one; Hey, you!; You bastard!
terrible; dreadful; amazing (e.g. of strength); great (e.g. of skills); to a great extent; vast (in numbers)
hills and fields; countryside
is that so? (generally rhetorical)
I got it; I see; I now know; So that's the reason
possibly; apparently; (seem) likely; somehow or other; with difficulty; barely
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
(one) matter; (one) item; (one) case
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
ringleader; mastermind; leader (of a plot)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
appearing ...; looking ...; way to ...; method of ...ing; form; style
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
like this; this sort; this way
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
the world; society; sphere; circle; world-renowned; world-famous
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to guide; to lead; to show the way; to derive; to deduce
last drink (of sake); last glass; last cup
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
expert; learned person; doctor; PhD; instructor at the imperial court (ritsuryo period); pitch and length marks (to accompany a Buddhist liturgical chant, etc.)
to notice; to recognize; to recognise; to become aware of; to perceive; to realize
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
slow; time-consuming; late (in the day); towards the end (of the day or night); later (than expected or usual); late
definitely; absolutely; absolute; unconditional; absoluteness
hand; arm; forepaw; foreleg; handle; hand; worker
et cetera; etc.; or something; the likes of; for example; for instance
to ferry across (e.g. a river); to carry across; to lay across; to build across; to hand over; to hand in
high; tall; expensive; high-priced; high (level); above average (in degree, quality, etc.)
will; resolution; kindness; goodwill; gift (as a token of gratitude)
implementation (e.g. of a system); materialization; materialisation; realization; realisation; actualization
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
force; strength; capability; ability; efficacy; effect; effort
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
necessary; needed; essential; necessity; need; requirement
it is assuredly that ...; can say with confidence that ...
among these; between these; of these; in here; in this