indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
head (of a household, etc.); leader; owner; proprietor; subject (of a rumour, etc.); doer (of a deed); guardian spirit (e.g. long-resident beast, usu. with mystical powers)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
clothes (esp. Western clothes); counter for doses of medicine, gulps of tea, drags of a cigarette, etc.
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
truth; reality; proper; right; genuine; authentic
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
et cetera; etc.; or something; the likes of; for example; for instance
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
to buy; to purchase; to value; to have a high opinion; to stir; to provoke
counter for flat objects (e.g. sheets of paper); (arch.) counter for positions or roles; (arch.) counter for food portions (now only gyōza and soba); counter for ranking level
apple (fruit); apple tree (Malus pumila)
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
to eat; to live on (e.g. a salary); to live off; to subsist on
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
in that way; thus; so; so?
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
hand; arm; forepaw; foreleg; handle; hand; worker
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...