indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
Lawrence; Laurence; Laurens
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
wheat; barley; oat (oats)
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
merchant; trader; tradesman; dealer; shopkeeper
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
adds force or indicates command
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
contract; compact; agreement
counter for flat objects (e.g. sheets of paper); (arch.) counter for positions or roles; (arch.) counter for food portions (now only gyōza and soba); counter for ranking level
devil; demon; Satan; the Devil; Māra; evil spirits or forces that hinder one's path to enlightenment
transactions; dealings; business
head (of a household, etc.); leader; owner; proprietor; subject (of a rumour, etc.); doer (of a deed); guardian spirit (e.g. long-resident beast, usu. with mystical powers)
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
in that way; thus; so; so?
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!