long (time); longstanding; for a long time
outside world; physical world
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
touch; contact; contact (with people); dealings; tangency
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
original; unique; distinctive; independent; one's own; personal
culture; civilization; civilisation; Bunka era (1804.2.11-1818.4.22)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to build; to construct; to put up; to build up (a fortune, reputation, enterprise, etc.); to establish (a relationship, system, etc.); to create
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
solitude; loneliness; isolation
island; one's territory (of a sex worker, organized crime gang, etc.); one's turf
dyer's knotweed (Persicaria tinctoria, used to produce indigo dye); indigo (dye); indigo (colour)
orchid; Netherlands; Holland
Island; insula; island; islet
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
east, west, south and north
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
head (of a household, etc.); leader; owner; proprietor; subject (of a rumour, etc.); doer (of a deed); guardian spirit (e.g. long-resident beast, usu. with mystical powers)
to call out (to); to call; to summon (a doctor, etc.); to invite; to designate; to name; to garner (support, etc.)
head; chief; boss; leader
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
existence; being; presence
area; region; district; locality
order; discipline; regularity; system; method
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
public morals; discipline; rules governing social behavior
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
by means of; due to; because of; according to
to keep; to preserve; to hold; to last; to endure; to keep well (food)
recently; lately; these days; nearest; closest
tranquil; calm; restful; peaceful; quiet
underwater; behind closed doors; behind the scenes; below the surface
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
strange; unfamiliar; mysterious; suspicious
to start to move; to get going; to come alive
seat; place; position; status; gathering; party; stand
to intimidate; to frighten; to scare; to threaten (e.g. peace); to jeopardize; to endanger
while; during; while; although; all; both
to sleep; to die; to rest (in peace); to lie idle (e.g. of resources); to lie unused; (arch.) to close one's eyes
to spend (time); to pass; to overdo (esp. alcohol consumption); to drink (alcohol); to take care of; to support
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
battle; war; fight (against time, poverty, etc.); struggle (for freedom, survival, etc.); contest; competition
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of