a little; a bit; just a minute; for a moment; somewhat; rather; (not) easily
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
being on duty; person on duty
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
elder sister; effeminate man
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?
why?; what for?; how?; by what means?
(not) anything; (nothing) at all; and everything else; and all; (not) at all; (not) in the least
preparation; arrangements; provision; getting ready; laying out (e.g. a meal)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
to decrease (in size or number); to diminish; to abate
to move; to stir; to operate; to run; to make a move; to take action; to be touched
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
after all; in the end; conclusion; end; end of a game of go, shogi, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to make; to produce; to prepare (food); to brew (alcohol); to raise; to grow; to till
to have been decided (so) that; to have been arranged (so) that; to be the result (of); to be the outcome; to be the reason (for)
to receive; to get; to eat; to drink; to be crowned with; to wear (on one's head)
(what) the heck; (why) in the world; one object; one body; one form; one style
when; at what time; how soon; normal times; ordinary days
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
to be truant; to slack off; to play hooky; to skip school; to cut class; to skip out
intention; plan; belief; assumption; estimate; estimation
cleaning; sweeping; dusting; scrubbing
washing; laundry; relaxing; taking a break
(not) enough; (in)sufficiently; (un)satisfactorily
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
another helping; second helping; seconds; command to have dog place its second paw in one's hand
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
always; all the time; never; usual; regular
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
housework; domestic chores; family affairs; household matters
training; practice; discipline; ascetic practices
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...