indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
god; deity; incredible; fantastic; (arch.) Emperor (of Japan); (arch.) thunder
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
adds force or indicates command
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
accredited master (of a performing art); being famous; being popular; famous person
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
that; that thing; that person; then; that time; that place (over there); down there (i.e. one's genitals)
teacher; instructor; sensei; title or form of address for a teacher, master, doctor, lawyer, etc.; intimate or teasing form of address; (arch.) one's elder
seal; to seal (e.g. a letter); to affix a seal; to seal up
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
surely; undoubtedly; sternly; severely; having no slack; rigid
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
to be able (in a position) to do; to be up to the task; to be ready; to be completed; to be made; to be built; to be good at
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
safe; secure; certainly; surely; no thanks; I'm good
festival; feast; harassment by an Internet pitchfork mob; online shaming; galore (as in "goals galore"); frenzy
(somebody's) child; person with parents; other people's children; the Son of Man; Christ
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
honorific/polite/humble prefix
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial