indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to arrive at (after a struggle); to finally reach; to find one's way to; to finally hit on (e.g. an idea)
before one's very eyes; under one's nose; imminence; close at hand
to appear; to come in sight; to become visible; to be expressed (e.g. emotions); to become apparent (e.g. trends, effects)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to throw down; to bring down; to kill; to defeat; to overthrow; to trip up
more and more; all the more; at last; finally; (at the) last moment; worst possible time
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
battle; fight; war; struggle; conflict
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to begin; to start; to happen (again); to begin (anew); to date (from); to originate (in)
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
force; strength; capability; ability; efficacy; effect; effort
concentration (of efforts, forces, etc.); gathering together; regimentation; marshalling; mobilization
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
the world; society; sphere; circle; world-renowned; world-famous
to go back to the start; to reset; to restore; to return to the point (of a discussion); to return something (that has been moved) to previous place; to reconstitute
sky; the air; weather; far-off place; distant place; state of mind; feeling
look!; there!; here!; that is
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
together with; as X, then Y (e.g. as we age we gain wisdom, as wine matures it becomes more valuable, etc.)
companion; fellow; group; company; member of the same category (family, class)
to search for; to look for; to hunt for; to search (a house, pocket, etc.); to search through; to rummage in (e.g. a drawer)
darkness; the dark; bewilderment; despair; hidden place; secrecy
to enter; to go into; to break into; to join; to enroll; to contain; to hold
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
how; in what way; how about
to erase; to delete; to turn off (power); to switch off; to extinguish; to put out
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
(approximate) time; around; suitable time (or condition); time of year; season
height; stature; length (esp. of clothing); all (one has); everything; magnificence (of a waka poem, etc.)
harmonica; mouth organ; cunnilingus; hypodermic syringe
to hold (in one's hand); to take; to possess; to have; to maintain; to keep; to last
(ancient) Japan; Yamato (former province located in present-day Nara Prefecture)
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
surely; undoubtedly; sternly; severely; having no slack; rigid
near; neighbourhood; nearly (e.g. "it took nearly one year"); close to; shortly; soon