indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
scheme; tactic; stratagem; trick
by means of; due to; because of; according to
scattered; disperse; loose; disconnected; in pieces; in drops
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
companion; fellow; group; company; member of the same category (family, class)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
in succession; one by one
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
end; conclusion; last; final; no sooner than; once
sky; the air; weather; far-off place; distant place; state of mind; feeling
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
figure; form; appearance; dress; state; condition
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
present (e.g. government, administration); current; existing
exposed; scanty; bare; public; open
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
opponent; rival; adversary; menace; danger; threat
he; she; this; this one; Hey, you!; You bastard!
it is ... that ...; precisely; although; while; it is precisely because ... that ...; only because ...
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
fidelity; honour; honor; chastity (of a woman); faithfulness (e.g. to one's husband)
head; chief; boss; leader
attack; assault; raid; criticism; censure; denunciation
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
spicy; hot; salty; harsh (criticism); severe (punishment); painful
seeming; giving the appearance of; giving one the feeling of
to cut; to cut through; to sever (connections, ties); to turn off (e.g. the light); to terminate (e.g. a conversation); to hang up (the phone); to punch (a ticket)
entry (on stage); appearance (on screen); entrance; introduction (into a market)
darkness; the dark; bewilderment; despair; hidden place; secrecy
to use (a thing, method, etc.); to make use of; to use (a person, animal, puppet, etc.); to employ; to use (time, money, etc.); to spend
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")