indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
just; justifiable; right; due; proper; equitable
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
independence; self-reliance; independence (e.g. of a nation); freedom; separation; isolation
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
revival; restoration; resuscitation
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
declaration; proclamation; announcement
Fukuoka (city, prefecture)
base (military, expedition, etc.)
occupation (e.g. of territory); exclusive possession
leader; central personage
old; former; the old; old things; old times; bygone days
prefix for forming ordinal numbers
next; hypo- (i.e. containing an element with low valence); order; sequence
sliding wooden bolt (for holding a door or window shut)
(political) administration; political power
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
Chief Cabinet Secretary (Japan); Chief of Staff (to the President, Prime Minister, etc.); Cabinet Secretary; Executive Secretary
to work (for); to be employed (at); to serve (as); to act (as); to conduct a religious service
man; male; fellow; guy; male lover; boyfriend
postwar period; period after Second World War
commonwealth; federation of states; confederation; union
flight from one's country; seeking asylum; defection; emigration (for political reasons); (going into) exile; becoming a (political) refugee
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
zero; 0; nought; nothing; zilch
activity (of a person, organization, animal, volcano, etc.); action; movie (esp. during the silent movie period)
to accompany; to go hand in hand with; to be consequent upon; to be accompanied by; to bring with; to take with
internal conditions; true state of affairs
anxiety; uneasiness; worry; apprehension; fear; insecurity
to take advantage of; to impose on; to make an entry (in an account book)
action; conduct; behaviour; behavior; mobilization; mobilisation
to raise; to raise up; to wake; to wake up; to cause; to bring about; to start
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
be considered; be deemed; be thought to be
still; yet; more; still more; as ...; like ...
black; black go stone; guilt; guilty person
order of chivalry; chivalric order
participation; taking part in; participating in; being concerned in
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very