indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to go around; to return; to surround; to concern (usu. of disputes)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
suffix for familiar person
violet (any flower of genus Viola, esp. the Fuji dawn, Viola mandshurica)
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
in that way; thus; so; so?
honorific/polite/humble prefix
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing
how; in what way; why; for what reason; cannot possibly; no way
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
things like; something like; someone like; such a thing as; (the fact) that; to think that
club activities; extracurricular activities
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
happy; glad; pleased; joyful; delightful; gratifying
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
human being; human; person; character (of a person)
to eat; to live on (e.g. a salary); to live off; to subsist on
just (e.g. "just wait here"); come now; tolerably; passably; well...; I think...
terrible; dreadful; amazing (e.g. of strength); great (e.g. of skills); to a great extent; vast (in numbers)