indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
large; big; great; prominent; -sized; as big as; university
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
suffix for familiar person
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
strong; potent; strong; brawny; good (at); skilled; being able to handle
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
again; once more; also; too; on the other hand; while; and
truth; reality; proper; right; genuine; authentic
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
just (e.g. "just wait here"); come now; tolerably; passably; well...; I think...
nonexistent; not being (there); not having; not
boss; leader; head; boss (difficult enemy, usu. at the end of a section or level)
Onigashima; island of ogres (in Japanese folklore)
attending (upon); keeping another company
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise